The Heed frontman, who played for the club in 2013, has netted 12 goals this season for their National League rivals.
Now he returns to the Proact after a five-and-a-half-year absence.
The 29-year-old signs a deal until the end of the 2019-20 season - and with the club battling for survival his remit is to keep scoring.
Boden told the club's website: “I’m buzzing to have got the deal sorted and I just can’t wait to get going now. I got my first pro deal here and it’s effectively my team.”
Chesterfield have drawn too many games and new manager John Sheridan says Saturday’s 0-0 draw with Barrow was evidence they needed more up front.
Boden has played for Wrexham, Macclesfield Town, FC Halifax Town and Newport County since leaving the Spireites.